This is an example PHP application, which is intentionally vulnerable to web attacks. It is intended to help you test Acunetix. It also helps you understand how developer errors and bad configuration may let someone break into your website. You can use it to test other tools and your manual hacking skills as well.PHP-GTK related documentation is hosted on the PHP-GTK website. Documentation of PEAR and the various packages can be found on a separate server. You can still read a copy of the original PHP/FI 2.0 Manual on our site, which we only host for historical purposes. The same applies to the PHP 3 Manual .What is a Cookie? A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the server embeds on the user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. Create Cookies With PHP A cookie is created with the setcookie ()Click on the URL button, Enter URL and Submit. This tool supports loading the PHP File to beautify. Click on the Upload button and select File. It beautify pure PHP framework file such as Laravel, CodeIgniter, YII, CakePHP, Symfony and many more one file at a time. PHP Source Code Beautifier Online works well on Windows, MAC, Linux, Chrome ...Here we would like to show the very basics of PHP in a short, simple tutorial. This text only deals with dynamic web page creation with PHP, though PHP is not only capable of creating web pages. See the section titled What can PHP do for more information. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you can create and edit ...Select Data From a MySQL Database. The SELECT statement is used to select data from one or more tables: SELECT column_name (s) FROM table_name. or we can use the * character to select ALL columns from a table: SELECT * FROM table_name. To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.What is a Cookie? A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file that the server embeds on the user's computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With PHP, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. Create Cookies With PHP A cookie is created with the setcookie ()So there is an auto-rollback mechanism in place - it just fails miserably when PHP dies unexpectantly. Having to restarting apache is a pretty drastic measure to overcome a code bug. To avoid this problem, I use “register_shutdown_function()” when I start a transaction, and set a flag to indicate a transaction is in process (because there ...PHP - Keep The Values in The Form. To show the values in the input fields after the user hits the submit button, we add a little PHP script inside the value attribute of the following input fields: name, email, and website. In the comment textarea field, we put the script between the <textarea> and </textarea> tags.The simplest way to specify a string is to enclose it in single quotes (the character ' ). To specify a literal single quote, escape it with a backslash ( \ ). To specify a literal backslash, double it ( \\ ). All other instances of backslash will be treated as a literal backslash: this means that the other escape sequences you might be used to ...The position in which you place the .PHP will determine which script or program is executed when there are matching filenames. For example, placing .PHP before .BAT will cause your script to run, rather than the batch file, if there is a batch file with the same name. Associate the .PHP extension with a file type. This is done by running the ...Match expressions are available as of PHP 8.0.0. arm compares values strictly () instead of loosely as the switch statement does. expression must be exhaustive. // Is equivalent to these three match arms: Alternative syntax for control structures. do- while. require_ once. include_ once.mysqli::query — Performs a query on the database. mysqli::real_connect — Opens a connection to a mysql server. mysqli::real_escape_string — Escapes special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement, taking into account the current charset of the connection. mysqli::real_query — Execute an SQL query. A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code. Comments can be used to: Let others understand your code. Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and having to re ... PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.3.20-1.module_el8.4.0+2229+b272fdef.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: AlmaLinux AppStream x86_64 OfficialFeb 10, 2023 · WordPress. By far, WordPress holds the repute of the world’s most used open-source CMS for web development. You can create a whole lot of applications on any PHP hosting using WordPress and it is pretty advanced too. Whether you need a simple blog or an eCommerce store, WordPress has all solutions for you. Required Knowledge. Before you begin this PHP tutorial, it is necessary that you have a basic understanding and experience of the following: HTML - PHP can be written with HTML, so it's essential. Basic programming knowledge - If you have any traditional programming experience like C, then learning PHP will be very easy for you. Nov 12, 2010 · Hi, I'm cfreak and I'm a PHP coder. Now you know me. I absolutely hate it. :-) (of course I don't really like PHP at all but it pays the bills so I do it) PHP is a server-side scripting language created in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. What is PHP used for? As of October 2018, PHP is used on 80% of websites whose server-side language is known. It is typically ...Practice is key to mastering coding, and the best way to put your PHP knowledge into practice is by getting practical with code. Use W3Schools Spaces to build, test and deploy code. The code editor lets you write and practice different types of computer languages. It includes PHP, but you can use it for other languages too. PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. Fast, flexible and pragmatic, PHP powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. What's new in 8.2 Download. 8.2.10 · Changelog · Upgrading.Basic PHP Syntax. A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. The default file extension for PHP files is " .php ". A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code. Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that uses a built-in PHP function " echo " to output the text "Hello World!"A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code. Comments can be used to: Let others understand your code. Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and having to re ... Aug 1, 2023 · Here's how to run dual PHP instances with PHP 5.2 and any previous PHP on Windows 2003: 1. Right-click My Computer, go to Advanced tab, and click on Environment Variables. Add the two installations and their EXT directories to the Path variable. For example, add: c:\php;c:\php\ext;c:\TMAS\php;c:\tmas\php\ext; Mar 5, 2018 · The PHP exe file you specified did not run correctly: C:\xampp\php\php.exe The php.ini used by your command-line PHP is: C:\xampp\php\php.ini A setting in your php.ini could be causing the problem: Either the 'extension_dir' value is incorrect or the dll does not exist. PHP-PgSQL Similarly, to use PostgreSQL with PHP you should install the php-pgsql package: sudo apt install php-pgsql Configure PHP. If you have installed the libapache2-mod-php or php-cgi packages, you can run PHP scripts from your web browser. If you have installed the php-cli package, you can run PHP scripts at a terminal prompt.PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.3.20-1.module_el8.4.0+2229+b272fdef.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: AlmaLinux AppStream x86_64 OfficialPHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group.PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. Fast, flexible and pragmatic, PHP powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. What's new in 8.2 Download. 8.2.9 · Changelog · Upgrading. PHP-GTK related documentation is hosted on the PHP-GTK website. Documentation of PEAR and the various packages can be found on a separate server. You can still read a copy of the original PHP/FI 2.0 Manual on our site, which we only host for historical purposes. The same applies to the PHP 3 Manual .PECL. PHP Installer Tools on Windows. Recommended Configuration on Windows systems. Manual PHP Installation on Windows. Building from source. Command Line PHP on Microsoft Windows. Apache 2.x on Microsoft Windows. Troubleshooting PHP on Windows. Installation on Cloud Computing platforms.PHP $_GET. PHP $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with method="get". $_GET can also collect data sent in the URL. Assume we have an HTML page that contains a hyperlink with parameters:Jul 13, 2023 · PHP Exercises, Practice, Solution: PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. Dec 23, 2022 · Grav 1.7.29 PHP 8.1 benchmark results: 2137.43 req/sec 🏆; PHP 8.1 is the undisputed winner with Grav, closely followed by PHP 8.0 and the rest. Being a relatively new CMS, it has a smaller market share than WordPress. Hence, it can drop support for older PHP versions quite quickly. That’s one of the most significant advantages of modern CMSs. Aug 1, 2023 · 2 years ago. In php there are 3 types of comments. 1.single line c++ style comment (//) 2.single line Unix shell stype comment (#) 3.multi line c style comment (/*/) single or multi line comment comes to the end of the line or come first to the current block of php code. Aug 1, 2023 · Description ¶. $_SERVER is an array containing information such as headers, paths, and script locations. The entries in this array are created by the web server, therefore there is no guarantee that every web server will provide any of these; servers may omit some, or provide others not listed here. However, most of these variables are ... I run 'php artisan migrate' command on window 8.1, laravel 7, xamp (php version 7.3.2) . I found some error, my all table did not migrate, how to fix [closed] Illuminate\Database\QueryException SQLSTATE [42S01]: Base table or view already exists: 1050 Table 'users' already exists. I have a CLI screenshot of the error:MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ...The user friendly PHP online compiler that allows you to Write PHP code and run it online. The PHP text editor also supports taking input from the user and standard libraries.by Tali Smith. The fastest and easiest way to install PHP on Internet Information Services (IIS) is by using the Microsoft® Web Platform Installer (Web PI). Web PI completely automates setting up IIS, FastCGI, and the latest version of PHP from the php.net Web site. With Web PI, you can navigate to the "Web Platform" tab and select "PHP" under ...Well organized and easy to understand Web building tutorials with lots of examples of how to use HTML, CSS, JavaScript, SQL, Python, PHP, Bootstrap, Java, XML and more. Aug 1, 2023 · There are two string operators. The first is the concatenation operator ('.'), which returns the concatenation of its right and left arguments. The second is the concatenating assignment operator (' .= '), which appends the argument on the right side to the argument on the left side. Please read Assignment Operators for more information. Update Data In a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO. The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table: UPDATE table_name. SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value. Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax: The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated.In PHP 5+, objects are passed by reference. This has got me into trouble in the past when I've tried to make arrays of objects. For example, I once wrote something like the following code, thinking that I'd get an array of distinct objects. However, this is wrong. This code will create an array of multiple references to the same object. <?phpPhp login script is used to provide the authentication for our web pages. the Script executes after submitting the user login button. Login Page Login page should be as follows and works based on session. Here's how to run dual PHP instances with PHP 5.2 and any previous PHP on Windows 2003: 1. Right-click My Computer, go to Advanced tab, and click on Environment Variables. Add the two installations and their EXT directories to the Path variable. For example, add: c:\php;c:\php\ext;c:\TMAS\php;c:\tmas\php\ext;PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now ».Aug 1, 2023 · Match expressions are available as of PHP 8.0.0. arm compares values strictly () instead of loosely as the switch statement does. expression must be exhaustive. // Is equivalent to these three match arms: Alternative syntax for control structures. do- while. require_ once. include_ once. PHP Programming at Wikibooks. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [9] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [10] [11] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [12] PHP was originally an abbreviation of Personal Home ... Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about TeamsOct 30, 2022 · Modified 4 months ago. Viewed 18k times. 13. I've followed this tutorial to install php7.4 on Ubuntu 22.10. As far as I know, I just need to add this PPA and update my repositories with. sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php sudo apt-get update. and then install php7.4 with. sudo apt-get instal php7.4. To change the PHP settings, open your User or Workspace Settings ( ⌘, (Windows, Linux Ctrl+,)) and type 'php' to filter the list of available settings. To set the PHP executable path, select the Edit in settings.json link under PHP > Validate: Executable Path, which will open your user settings.json file.www.php.net – PHP distribution, tutorials, newsgroups, and more. www.phpfreaks.com - PHP and MySQL tutorials, scripts, forums, and more. www.phpbuilder.com – Collection of PHP resources. Hello World If your web server supports PHP, type this example into a text file called hello.php and access it in your browser byRelating to the mb_ucwords() function posted by Anonymous. In order for this to actually be multi-byte compliant, you would also need to use mb_substr() and mb_strlen() instead of substr and strlen respectively.Aug 1, 2023 · So there is an auto-rollback mechanism in place - it just fails miserably when PHP dies unexpectantly. Having to restarting apache is a pretty drastic measure to overcome a code bug. To avoid this problem, I use “register_shutdown_function()” when I start a transaction, and set a flag to indicate a transaction is in process (because there ... PHP Programs. PHP programs are frequently asked in the interview. These programs can be asked from basics, control statements, array, string, oops, file handling etc. Let's see the list of top PHP programs. 1) Sum of Digits. Write a PHP program to print sum of digits. Input: 23. Output: 5. Input: 624. Output: 12. 2) Even or odd number. Input ...Feb 6, 2023 · Also, you can increase PHP’s memory limit for specific websites. One method would be to place a php.ini file in the site’s webroot. You can even set the limit for specific scriptname.php. For example using ini_set(‘memory_limit’,’256MB’). How to increase PHP memory_limit. To increase the PHP memory limit setting, edit your PHP.ini file. PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode A session is started with the session_start () function. Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION. Now, let's create a new page called "demo_session1.php". In this page, we start a new PHP session and set some session variables: PHP Resource. The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions and resources external to PHP. A common example of using the resource data type is a database call. We will not talk about the resource type here, since it is an advanced topic. Modified 4 months ago. Viewed 18k times. 13. I've followed this tutorial to install php7.4 on Ubuntu 22.10. As far as I know, I just need to add this PPA and update my repositories with. sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php sudo apt-get update. and then install php7.4 with. sudo apt-get instal php7.4.Jul 13, 2023 · PHP Exercises, Practice, Solution: PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. May 4, 2020 · Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Teams PHP Resource. The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions and resources external to PHP. A common example of using the resource data type is a database call. We will not talk about the resource type here, since it is an advanced topic. Use W3Schools Spaces to build, test and deploy code. The code editor lets you write and practice different types of computer languages. It includes PHP, but you can use it for other languages too. New languages are added all the time: Learn More.PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.3.20-1.module_el8.4.0+2229+b272fdef.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: php-7.2.24-1.module_el8.4.0+2228+7c76a223.aarch64.rpm: PHP scripting language for creating dynamic web sites: AlmaLinux AppStream x86_64 OfficialPHP Operators. Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP divides the operators in the following groups: Arithmetic operators. Assignment operators. Comparison operators. Increment/Decrement operators. Logical operators. String operators.PHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect data after submitting an HTML form. The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking on "Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag.Relating to the mb_ucwords() function posted by Anonymous. In order for this to actually be multi-byte compliant, you would also need to use mb_substr() and mb_strlen() instead of substr and strlen respectively.Dec 1, 2019 · PHP is a server-side scripting language created in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. What is PHP used for? As of October 2018, PHP is used on 80% of websites whose server-side language is known. It is typically ... Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about TeamsPHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect data after submitting an HTML form. The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking on "Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. Where src/ is the directory containing all your PHP code. Then, run the commands to build and run the Docker image: $ docker build -t my-php-app . $ docker run -d --name my-running-app my-php-app. We recommend that you add a php.ini configuration file; see the "Configuration" section for details.Grav 1.7.29 PHP 8.1 benchmark results: 2137.43 req/sec 🏆; PHP 8.1 is the undisputed winner with Grav, closely followed by PHP 8.0 and the rest. Being a relatively new CMS, it has a smaller market share than WordPress. Hence, it can drop support for older PHP versions quite quickly. That’s one of the most significant advantages of modern CMSs.Aug 1, 2023 · In PHP 5+, objects are passed by reference. This has got me into trouble in the past when I've tried to make arrays of objects. For example, I once wrote something like the following code, thinking that I'd get an array of distinct objects. However, this is wrong. This code will create an array of multiple references to the same object. <?php Nov 12, 2010 · Hi, I'm cfreak and I'm a PHP coder. Now you know me. I absolutely hate it. :-) (of course I don't really like PHP at all but it pays the bills so I do it) PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now ».PHP tags. When PHP parses a file, it looks for opening and closing tags, which are <?php and ?> which tell PHP to start and stop interpreting the code between them. . Parsing in this manner allows PHP to be embedded in all sorts of different documents, as everything outside of a pair of opening and closing tags is ignored by the PHP parSelect Data From a MySQL Database. The SELECT statement is used to select data from one or more tables: SELECT column_name (s) FROM table_name. or we can use the * character to select ALL columns from a table: SELECT * FROM table_name. To learn more about SQL, please visit our SQL tutorial.Nov 12, 2010 · Hi, I'm cfreak and I'm a PHP coder. Now you know me. I absolutely hate it. :-) (of course I don't really like PHP at all but it pays the bills so I do it) The user friendly PHP online compiler that allows you to Write PHP code and run it online. The PHP text editor also supports taking input from the user and standard libraries. Aug 1, 2023 · 2 years ago. In php there are 3 types of comments. 1.single line c++ style comment (//) 2.single line Unix shell stype comment (#) 3.multi line c style comment (/*/) single or multi line comment comes to the end of the line or come first to the current block of php code. MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ...Here's how to run dual PHP instances with PHP 5.2 and any previous PHP on Windows 2003: 1. Right-click My Computer, go to Advanced tab, and click on Environment Variables. Add the two installations and their EXT directories to the Path variable. For example, add: c:\php;c:\php\ext;c:\TMAS\php;c:\tmas\php\ext;Aug 1, 2023 · The position in which you place the .PHP will determine which script or program is executed when there are matching filenames. For example, placing .PHP before .BAT will cause your script to run, rather than the batch file, if there is a batch file with the same name. Associate the .PHP extension with a file type. This is done by running the ... Aug 1, 2023 · Match expressions are available as of PHP 8.0.0. arm compares values strictly () instead of loosely as the switch statement does. expression must be exhaustive. // Is equivalent to these three match arms: Alternative syntax for control structures. do- while. require_ once. include_ once. PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function.PHP comes with four different statements to include code: include, include_once, require and require_once. include_once and require_once cause PHP to check whether the specified file has been included before. If this is the case, it will not be included again. include and require will always include the content, without any such checks.Aug 1, 2023 · Match expressions are available as of PHP 8.0.0. arm compares values strictly () instead of loosely as the switch statement does. expression must be exhaustive. // Is equivalent to these three match arms: Alternative syntax for control structures. do- while. require_ once. include_ once.
Mar 5, 2018 · The PHP exe file you specified did not run correctly: C:\xampp\php\php.exe The php.ini used by your command-line PHP is: C:\xampp\php\php.ini A setting in your php.ini could be causing the problem: Either the 'extension_dir' value is incorrect or the dll does not exist. . Metro by t mobile store locator
Aug 1, 2023 · Strings. ¶. A string is a series of characters, where a character is the same as a byte. This means that PHP only supports a 256-character set, and hence does not offer native Unicode support. See details of the string type . Note: On 32-bit builds, a string can be as large as up to 2GB (2147483647 bytes maximum) Also, you can increase PHP’s memory limit for specific websites. One method would be to place a php.ini file in the site’s webroot. You can even set the limit for specific scriptname.php. For example using ini_set(‘memory_limit’,’256MB’). How to increase PHP memory_limit. To increase the PHP memory limit setting, edit your PHP.ini file.The user friendly PHP online compiler that allows you to Write PHP code and run it online. The PHP text editor also supports taking input from the user and standard libraries.The user friendly PHP online compiler that allows you to Write PHP code and run it online. The PHP text editor also supports taking input from the user and standard libraries.Teams. Q&A for work. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about TeamsA comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code. Comments can be used to: Let others understand your code. Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and having to re ... PHP is a server-side scripting language created in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. What is PHP used for? As of October 2018, PHP is used on 80% of websites whose server-side language is known. It is typically ...If you rely on strcmp for safe string comparisons, both parameters must be strings, the result is otherwise extremely unpredictable. For instance you may get an unexpected 0, or return values of NULL, -2, 2, 3 and -3. This is an example PHP application, which is intentionally vulnerable to web attacks. It is intended to help you test Acunetix. It also helps you understand how developer errors and bad configuration may let someone break into your website. You can use it to test other tools and your manual hacking skills as well. Aug 30, 2023 · Create a form. We will use HTML tags to create a form. Below is the minimal list of things you need to create a form. Opening and closing form tags <form>…</form>. Form submission type POST or GET. Submission URL that will process the submitted data. Input fields such as input boxes, text areas, buttons,checkboxes etc. Aug 1, 2023 · There are two string operators. The first is the concatenation operator ('.'), which returns the concatenation of its right and left arguments. The second is the concatenating assignment operator (' .= '), which appends the argument on the right side to the argument on the left side. Please read Assignment Operators for more information. .